violence against women and children worldwide by valentino gomez

 violence against women and children worldwide by valentino gomez Title

Introduction

violence against women as any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. 
Intimate partner violence refers to behaviour by an intimate partner or ex-partner that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm, including physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviours.

Sexual violence isany sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, or other act directed against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting. It includes rape, defined as the physically forced or otherwise coerced penetration of the vulva or anus with a penis, other body part or object.

Thesis

• -Violence can negatively affect women’s physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health, and may increase the risk of acquiring HIV in some settings.
• -Men are more likely to perpetrate violence if they have low education, a history of child maltreatment, exposure to domestic violence against their mothers, harmful use of alcohol, unequal gender norms including attitudes accepting of violence, and a sense of entitlement over women.
• -Women are more likely to experience intimate partner violence if they have low education, exposure to mothers being abused by a partner, abuse during childhood, and attitudes accepting violence, male privilege, and women’s subordinate status.
• -There is evidence that advocacy and empowerment counselling interventions, as well as home visitation are promising in preventing or reducing intimate partner violence against women.

Body

Population-level surveys based on reports from victims provide the most accurate estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner violence and sexual violence. A 2013 analysis conduct by WHO with the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the South Africa Medical Research Council, used existing data from over 80 countries and found that worldwide, 1 in 3, or 35%, of women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner or non-partner sexual violence.

As a financier of development projects, the Bank has supported $128 million in development projects aimed at addressing VAWG. To implement these projects in an evidence-based, safe, and ethical way, the Bank, along with key global partners, has created a series of tools to provide operational guidance for staff to include VAWG prevention and response into their programs, which span many different sectors –from health and education to infrastructure and public services.

To implement these projects in an evidence-based, safe, and ethical way, the Bank, along with key global partners, has created a series of tools to provide operational guidance for staff to include VAWG prevention and response into their programs, which span many different sectors – from health and education to infrastructure and public services.

process

-lower levels of education perpetration of sexual violence and experience of sexual violence.

- a history of exposure to child maltreatment perpetration and experience.

- witnessing family violence perpetration and experience.

- antisocial personality disorder perpetration.

- harmful use of alcohol perpetration and experience.

Consecuenses

• - Have fatal outcomes like homicide or suicide.
• - Lead to injuries, with 42% of women who experience intimate partner violence reporting an injury as a consequence of this violence.
• -These forms of violence can lead to depression, post-traumatic stress and other anxiety disorders, sleep difficulties, eating disorders, and suicide attempts. The 2013 analysis found that women who have experienced intimate partner violence were almost twice as likely to experience depression and problem drinking.

Concluction

 low resource settings, prevention strategies that have been shown to be promising include: those that empower women economically and socially through a combination of microfinance and skills training related to gender equality; that promote communication and relationship skills within couples and communities; that reduce access to, and harmful use of alcohol; transform harmful gender and social norms through community mobilization and group-based participatory education with women and men to generate critical reflections about unequal gender and power relationships.

process of democration electios in colombia by valentino gomez

by valentino gomez

process of democration elections in colombia    Title

Introduction

Many parties are oligarchic organizations, where politicians adopt
decisions in an exclusive manner, without taking into account the opinions of its members, and
only son chambers consulted to legitimize policies and elections first taken.
In them the elites powerfully control the power, they do not facilitate the participation of
all the groups in the programmatic definitions or in the election of the candidates and
the bases lack mechanisms to reward or punish their leaders, if they do not
he fulfills his promises or his government programs. These matches are characterized
for having levels of internal democracy, with organizational development and processes
decision-makers and that has not prevented the routine of the systems
polyarchies where they compete.

Tesis

- The trend in the design of electoral administrations.
- - Analysis of the independent variable: the administration of elections
from the electoral governance approach.
- The administration of elections from the perspective of
Electoral governance: presentation of indicators.
-Analysis of the dependent variable: democracy procedural and
your strength.
- Testing of the hypothesis, explanation of objectives and other issues
Relevant
- Explanation of the first objective: the importance of the procedure in
the country democracies.
- Explanation of the second objective: consolidation of democracies
elections in the country.
- Explanation of the third objective: the role of the electoral administration in
the colombia democracies.
- Testing of hypothesis.

Body

Since the promulgation of the 1991 Constitution, Colombia formally became one of the most democratic countries in the world. The Letter of 91 enthroned participatory democracy to complement and expand the abstract representative democracy, and even gave constitutional status to citizen participation organizations such as the National Planning Council.

Then, it was intended to develop participatory democracy with a complete law of citizen participation mechanisms law 134 of 1994 that endowed Colombians with important legal tools to intervene in public affairs and defend their fundamental rights.

Conclusion

Despite all the Constitutional and legal development that Colombia has in terms of participation, we have seen how political dynamics and decision making go against and are more inscribed in closed, unilateral and excluding processes. The excessive concentration of power in the head of the executive prevents, even, the perfect development of the democratic representation that is expressed through the collegiate bodies. The municipal councils and the local administrative boards, the departmental assemblies and even the Congress of the Republic end up, on many occasions, mired in the interests and prerogatives of the government of the day, and leaving aside their function of representing, through their decisions, the citizens' interests that summon them and much less fulfill their function of political control, a fundamental pillar of democracy.

In the order of ideas that participatory democracy complements, supplements and strengthens representative democracy, citizen participation, understood in the elaboration, execution and control of public policies, is a superior step in the democratization of our social system. However, we must first begin by building a system of independent representation vis-à-vis the executive, transparent in the face of public decisions and responsible to citizens, without this, the complementarity of participation is impossible or useless.

In addition, our participatory democracy will be nothing more than a simple sophism of distraction as long as there are no governments committed to creating the conditions for the real participation of citizens and civil society groups prepared, active and aware of their rights to be conquered and of their duties. that they must fulfill to make democratic postulates a reality.

Process and Consecuences

In the process the elections regional some parties work in a way coordinated with its territorial estates and otherscentralize the selection of candidates. Nevertheless,it is interesting to highlight the ASI asthe only party that establishes in its statutes full autonomy to its territorial chapters collegiate for the definition of future candidates. In this same sense it is important to review how some parties transmit the power for the selection of candidates who today represent them in Congress, such is the case of the Partido de The U and Radical Change that, although they do not leave for
complete the matter in the hands of its congressmen, if they foresee by statute to consider their valuations and applications when defining your candidates partisans in the territory.

 And rhe consecuences are Eliminating abstentionists from the electoral census is the wrong answer to the problem of abstention. It would make electoral participation look higher on paper, but in practice it would reduce it. The substantial thing is to raise the participation rate. This is important for two reasons. The first is democratic legitimacy, and the second is that those who do not vote tend to be those in socioeconomic terms in a disadvantaged position. High percentages of abstention tend to generate high percentages of socioeconomic inequality.